| Phonemic Awareness | Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words. It includes the understanding that the sounds of spoken language work together to make words. |
| Phonics | Phonics defines the relationships between sounds (phonemes) and letters/spellings that represent sounds in writing (graphemes). Phonics instruction helps children recognize familiar words accurately and automatically and also helps them decode unfamiliar words. |
| Fluency | Fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Fluency forms a bridge between word recognition & comprehension. Fluent readers recognize words and comprehend simultaneously. |
| Vocabulary | Vocabulary skills offer the ability to store information about the meanings and pronunciations of words. Types of vocabulary include: listening, speaking, reading, and writing vocabulary. |
| Text Comprehension | Text comprehension is the ability to understand, remember, and communicate what has been read. Text comprehension strategies are sets of steps that purposeful, active readers use to make sense of text. |
